Legal Considerations for Entrepreneurs When Starting a Business

Entrepreneurs will face many hurdles when starting a new venture and/or business. Many will be tempted to plow right into the matter without first researching laws and regulations regarding their particular business.

I am going to let you in on a little secret, many entrepreneurs are dead before they even make their first sale! Why, you may ask? These entrepreneurs are in trouble because they made the classic mistake of not seeking the help of professionals. If you, as an entrepreneur, have the requisite knowledge of the law to begin and maintain your venture and/or business without fear of having done something inconsistent with the law, then you should be fine. However, most new entrepreneurs will just start a business without thinking of the ramifications of a bad contract, a badly negotiated lease, failure to properly incorporate and or organize, and/or failure to obtain financial assistance (whether it an accountant, financial advisor, bank, etc.), to name a few.

The most popular excuse used by entrepreneurs is that lawyers and accountants cost too much. Using this line of thinking, these people try to handle complex legal and financial matters for themselves and, most of the time, end up with a problem that will cost more to fix than it would have originally cost to avoid the problem. These types of entrepreneurs practice “stepping over dollars to pick up dimes.” I suggest you not be one of these entrepreneurs.

Do not fall into a legal and/or financial pit that could have been easily avoided. Starting a business is not as easy as opening the doors to your shop. There exists many state and federal considerations (whether they are taxes, permits, licenses, incorporation or organization or registration, proper accounting, employee matters, and/or stock issues, to name a few) an entrepreneur needs to consider before “starting a business.” Do not ruin your business before it starts by avoiding proper legal and financial assistance.

Do Not Be Fooled By Incorporation Fees

If you are planning to form a corporation, you have many options as to where to form. You may know that Delaware is a popular state in which to incorporate. Put basically, Delaware laws are very corporate friendly. I will get into the specifics in another post. Back to the point, many states advertise that you should incorporate in their state because the fees are less than other states.

Although this may be true, you have to consider where you are going to be doing most of your business. For example, Nevada demands a relatively inexpensive fee to incorporate. However, if you are doing all of your business in California, and merely incorporated in Nevada to save on the incorporation fees, consider this; in order to do business in a state other than the state in which you incorporated, you have to file for a foreign corporation certificate. This basically means that you incorporated in another state and want to do business in the present state.

What is the big deal with filing for a foreign corporation certificate? A foreign corporation certificate costs money, and has a yearly maintenance fee. So before you incorporate in a state to “save money” think about how much the foreign corporation fee is and do some serious calculations to determine whether you are really saving any money!

Another popular advertisement by states is the tax advantage pitch. Some states have a smaller tax rate than others. However, money earned in one state is taxed in that state. Therefore, seriously weigh the advantages of forming out of state against the disadvantages, and do not be duped by “money saving” sales pitches that may end up costing you in the long run.

There is a popular saying among entrepreneurs, “do not step over dollars to pick up dimes.” I implore you to avoid doing the same thing!

What is the Purpose of your Corporation? – A Brief Look at the Doctrine of Ultra Vires

Many states have created a standardized document for forming a legal entity. These standardized forms were created partly to prevent lawyers from drafting and submitting extremely long incorporation documents and partly as a way to create ease of use for the general public. Most standardized forms contain a section for the name of the entity, the name of the resident agent, the name of the officers and/or directors, and a section for the corporate purpose.

We are going to take a closer look at the “purpose” section of an entity formation document. Today, lawyers generally use broad language such as, “any lawful purpose” in the purpose section of these documents. However, such was not the case many years ago. Incorporation documents used to be drafted with a very specific corporate purpose. As such, the doctrine of ultra vires was created by the courts. The doctrine of ultra vires was the cause of much litigation and judicial interpretation. The dictionary definition of ultra vires is “beyond the legal power or authority of a corporation, corporate officer, etc.” It is important to note that this doctrine, although traditionally applied to corporations, applies to all types of legal entities.

In plain terms, the doctrine of ultra vires applied to the “purpose” of corporate formation. For example, if a corporation was formed for the purpose of laying railroad tracks, that corporation could not engage in any other business. This makes sense if you think about it, but you can only imagine the limitations such a doctrine creates in this modern age. Today, corporations engage in so many different types of businesses and investments that if this doctrine was statutory majority law, instead of common law minority, you would see many more lawsuits due to a company’s participation in an enterprise that was not originally committed to paper in that pesky “purpose” section in the articles of incorporation.

The ultra vires doctrine was used both by the corporations and by other contracting parties. The problem with this doctrine is that it was easy to abuse. For example (using the same railroad laying track example above), if a corporation stated on its articles of incorporation that its purpose was to lay railroad tracks, the corporation was limited to pursuing only that business. Let us say that this corporation entered into a contract to manufacture railroad tracks. According to the doctrine of ultra vires, the corporation was prohibited from doing this. However, a court could only get involved if one of the parties complained. Therefore, as long as everybody got along, it technically did not matter that the corporation was conducting business beyond the limits of its stated purpose.

However, problems arise when a party wants out of the contract. For example, let us say that the railroad laying company is losing money on the contract for the manufacturing of railroad tracks. If the company wanted, it could get out of the contract by using the doctrine of ultra vires. It could argue that although it freely entered into the contract, it could repudiate the contract by stating that the doctrine of ultra vires prevented it from performing under the contract (in other words, the corporation was prohibited from manufacturing railroad tracks). The irony of this is that the other party that entered into the contract could assert the same thing if he/she/it wanted out of the contract. Basically, both parties in this example had a sure fire way out of a losing contract.

The dangers, pitfalls, and areas of abuse were wide. Additionally, you could see how this doctrine could create very unjust results. Two parties that freely entered into a contract could essentially screw the other if one was losing money. Due to this inherent unfairness, the doctrine has fallen out of favor. However, the doctrine is not nonexistent.

Lawyers combat this doctrine by creating a very broad “purpose” section. For example, as I stated above, usually lawyers use the “any lawful purpose” language when drafting a purpose section. However, you must be careful. Some state laws prevent the use of such broad language. Additionally, using broad language is not a guarantee against a lawsuit. Your safest bet is to know your local laws, draft broad purpose statements, and write a solid contract. So, for all of you entrepreneurs that want to form a legal entity, make sure your draft your articles correctly and carefully because something as simple as a “purpose” section can end up destroying a future contract!